Chapter 8 – Motivation and Emotion (Total Days: 6, pages: 113):$30

In motivation, students learn about the forces that influence strength and direction and including homeostasis.  The early theories in motivation were concerned with internal instincts, needs and drives, later theories now consider the role of external incentives.  Recent theories also consider that there are distinct types of motives called primary or physiological and secondary or social motives. For the primary motives recent ideas hold that there are neural and hormonal mechanisms associated with the motivation.  The motives for sex and aggression appear to be more complex than those for hunger and thirst, involving both environmental and physiological mechanisms though even hunger appears to be influenced by environmental stimuli especially for those people who are obese.

The study of emotion centers on the complex factions of cognition, physiological mechanisms that are associated with the feelings of love, hate, fear, and jealousy.  The different theories such as James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, Schacter – Singer and opponent-process theory provide different explanations for the relationships between physiological changes and emotional experiences.  A common theme in current theories is arousal. There seems to be a relationship between level of arousal and task performance. Stress is an important component of this Chapter. Researchers in this area focus on impact of life changes, daily stress, and emergency situations on physiological and psychological well-being.  Response theories range from Selye’s general adaptation syndrome to cognitive views of stress and coping.  Students should know some of the useful ways to cope with stress.

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