This chapter is concerned with both learned and unlearned behavior. The topics include classical conditioning and operant conditioning, their similarities and differences. Students should understand how acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, discrimination, and higher-order conditioning can affect learning. They should understand how reinforcement and punishment can produce effects in specific learning paradigms such as reinforcement and omission training, behavior modification, and active and passive avoidance. They should also consider important variables such as independent variables such as practice, schedules and delay of reinforcement, and motivation. They need to be aware of different graphs used to show the results of experiments in learning and how the principles of learning are related to emotional learning, taste aversion, coping versus helplessness, biofeedback and self-control. Students should also be aware of the biological influences in learning and biological constraints of learning.